Proceeding of International Conference on Biology Education, Natural Science, and Technology

Front Matter

Muhammad Luthfi Hidayat — 2025-11-15

Alhamdulillah, with all gratitude for the presence of Allah SWT, who has bestowed His grace, guidance, and inayah so that the Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teaching Training and Education (FKIP), Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta (UMS) can organize The 3rd International Conference on Biology Education, Natural Science, and Technology (INCOBEST) 2025. The conference, with the theme "Emerging Issues on Natural Science, Environment, and Its Learning Inovation", emphasizes biology's pivotal role in understanding and tackling environmental challenges such as climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. INCOBEST aims to foster collaboration, promote innovation, and inspire action in addressing environmental issues through biological solutions. It serves as a platform for interdisciplinary dialogue and concrete actions toward environmental sustainability. Key themes include environmental conservation, climate change mitigation, sustainable agriculture, renewable energy, pollution control, ecosystem restoration, biotechnology applications, education for sustainable development, and policy frameworks for environmental protection.

This conference aims to achieve the implementation of the Tri Dharma of Higher Education, encompassing education, research, and community service, and to realize academic freedom by introducing the Biology Education Study Program FKIP UMS as a part of the Institute of Education Personnel, that is capable of collaborating with various educational and non-educational agencies.

The activities of this International Conference have been made possible by the assistance of an array of parties. Thus, on this occasion, appreciation is extended to:

Rector of Universitas Muhammadiah Surakarta
Dean of FKIP UMS
All committees of INCOBEST 2025
Reviewer team, both internal and external
Participants and speakers
Other parties that cannot be mentioned one by one

Finally, we hope this International Conference will benefit all parties and improve education in Indonesia.

Climate Change Education: A Focus on Socio-Ecological Challenges

Peta J. White — 2025-11-15

Educating in the Anthropocene is challenging! We experience human systems entangling with Earth systems regularly and often negatively and with such force and impact. How are we preparing our future citizens to be able to make responsible decisions when the future is uncertain and change inevitable.

Our young people must be able to interpret climate data and manage misinformation accurately to disrupt the insidious strategies of the fossil fuel companies and oligarchs. As educators it is up to us to shift the focus towards understanding how the challenges we face are best framed as socio-ecological (not environmental issues) and that although our futures are uncertain in many ways, change is inevitable. I have found that teaching climate impacts doesn’t increase competencies for change and action but increases anxiety and disillusionment.

Leverage for curriculum change is coming, via the OECD PISA 2025 Science Framework - specifically 'Agency in the Anthropocene' (White et al, 2023) and should see curricula responding in the medium term. In the short term we must support schools to enable teachers to become informed and resourced to provide high-quality climate change education. Action oriented strategies for learning develop learner agency (and compel teacher agency) and may lead to schools becoming climate education hubs for communities.
In Australia, we are advocating for renewed policy (curriculum and beyond) that will enable and support (and resource) climate change education. In this presentation I will outline the research that informs the policy drive as well as the classroom practices that empower teachers and students to become informed future citizens who make responsible decisions.

R Can Show You the Worlds: Bridging Academic and Citizen Sciences

Wee Hin Boo — 2025-11-15

Field biologists and ecologists often handle large quantity of data, to provide comprehensive conclusion of ecosystem (biology + environment) interactions. However, this also raised an issue of the capacity to obtain such large numbers of data for the study. One such effort is to integrate publicly available data with public volunteerisms (citizen science initiatives) in understanding and protecting marine ecosystems. Furthermore, with additional advancement of computational power, machine learning, and available free resources to guide users in such efforts. Here presents three complementary research projects demonstrating data mining and citizen science approaches across international, national, and local scales. Furthermore, machine learnings were used to identify the patterns and help policy makers to understand the threats we are facing. International collaborations revealed significant change of Okinawan (Japan:1919 & 2018) land use due to coastal development, especially to convert to fishing ports and civilian recreational areas. This has raised the public awareness of anthropogenic developments across diverse coastal environments from ocean areas to sandy beaches. The national-scale project utilized volunteer data of Reef Check Malaysia from 513 sites to assess coral reef health, by narrowing on key indicator species such as hard corals, parrotfish, butterflyfish, parrotfish, and sea urchins. This citizen science generated targeted conservation guideline to protect the highly biodiverse ecosystem. Finally at the local level, the 20-year-old Merambong Shoal seahorse conservation project conducted population monitoring since 2005, address the vulnerable species in face of coastal developments. Machine learning clustering techniques revealed how geographical barriers influence seahorse distribution patterns in this critical habitat. The research emphasizes three key takeaway messages: valuable insights exist within publicly available datasets, data analyst is required in conservation, and coding skills are essential and can be learned easily. These findings demonstrate how integrating citizen science with academic research creates powerful frameworks for environmental and conservation guidelines and policies.

Ethnobotany across Landscapes in Indonesia: From Urban Markets to Sacred Forests

S Santhyami — 2025-11-15

Ethnobotany stands at the intersection of biodiversity, cultural heritage, and sustainable development. This lecture explores the dynamic relationships between people and plants across diverse Indonesian landscapes, spanning urban traditional markets to remote sacred forests. Drawing from empirical research conducted in Pasar Gede, a culturally significant traditional market in Surakarta, the presentation highlights how urban ethnobotany thrives within complex multicultural environments. Here, edible, medicinal, and ceremony plants serve not only economic and health-related functions but also act as vessels of cultural identity and memory. The lecture further examines ethnobotanical practices in conservation settings, focusing on sacred forests such as Bukit Badindiang in West Sumatra. Managed through customary law, these forests demonstrate how belief systems, cultural values, and ecological stewardship are deeply intertwined. Local governance based on spiritual and ethical frameworks effectively safeguards rare and ecologically vital plant species, contributing significantly to biodiversity preservation and carbon sequestration. Through case studies, this presentation argues that ethnobotany is not merely about cataloguing plant uses but is an active mechanism for sustaining biocultural diversity. It highlights the urgent need to integrate indigenous knowledge into modern conservation strategies, fostering collaborative models that respect local wisdom while addressing global environmental challenges. Ethnobotany, as demonstrated through these Indonesian landscapes, offers a compelling framework for understanding how culture and nature co-evolve, ensuring resilience for both ecosystems and the communities that depend on them.

Mapping the Landscape: Indonesian Fermented Foods, Probiotics, and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention - A Bibliometric and Scoping Review

Para Mitta Purbosari — 2025-11-15

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) constitutes a significant health burden in Indonesia, accounting for approximately one-third of all deaths. Hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia are established primary risk factors for CVD. This mini-review synthesizes current knowledge on CVD, the characteristics of probiotic bacteria, and the potential of Indonesian fermented foods to mitigate CVD risk. Indonesia boasts a rich and diverse array of traditional fermented foods, including tape, tempeh, dadih, sayur asin, tempoyak, and growol. Notably, many of these foods harbor diverse probiotic microorganisms, such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Weissella, Pediococcus, Rhizopus, Penicillium, and Saccharomyces. Various studies have explored the beneficial effects of probiotics, with hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic effects increasing in recent years. Consistent consumption of probiotics has demonstrated the potential to reduce total serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, liver cholesterol, and triglycerides, while concurrently elevating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The impact of probiotics on lipid profiles is influenced by many factors, such as the specific probiotic strain, dosage, and the individual's dietary habits and overall health status. This review highlighted the promising role of probiotics derived from Indonesian fermented foods as a complementary strategy in preventing cardiovascular disease.

Problem-Solving on Coastal Environmental Issues: A Study of Pre-Service Biology Teachers' Competencies

Sendy Putra Pradana — 2025-11-15

This study aims to describe the problem-solving abilities of pre-service biology teachers in addressing coastal environmental issues through a Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) approach. The research employed a descriptive method, using tests and interviews as data collection techniques. The HOTS-based test was administered to students enrolled in the Environmental Education course at Pattimura University. The test instrument was developed based on five problem-solving indicators: problem identification, problem analysis, formulation of alternative solutions, evaluation of solutions, and decision-making including follow-up planning. In addition to the test, unstructured interviews were conducted to explore students' perceptions of the questions and the challenges they encountered. The results showed an average student score of 74.0, with the highest score in problem identification (84), followed by problem analysis (76), solution evaluation (74), alternative solution formulation (72), and the lowest in decision-making and follow-up actions (64). These findings suggest that while students demonstrated strong abilities in identifying and analyzing coastal environmental problems, their capacity to design practical and implementable solutions requires further development. The outcomes of this study provide a foundation for developing a more context-based curriculum in Ambon that addresses local coastal environmental issues.

Designing a Generative STEM Model Based on Subak Landscape: Integrating Entropic Modulation and Indigenous Ecological Knowledge into Science Education

Sang Putu Kaler Surata — 2025-11-15

This study introduces and evaluates a generative STEM education model grounded in the Subak landscape of Bali, designed to integrate Indigenous ecological knowledge with contemporary science learning frameworks. The model draws on the principles of generative justice-defined as value circulation within communities-and entropic modulation-a concept referring to balancing variation and structure for resilience. Culturally Situated Design Tools (CSDTs), which are simulation-based tools for visualizing ecological processes, were employed to model sustainable farming practices in Subak, focusing on intermittent irrigation data that connects water surface levels, drying periods, drying duration, and timing with changes in temperature, methane emissions, and rice yield. A mixed-methods approach was applied, combining design-based research, participatory action research, classroom observations, focus groups, and pre/post assessments. Preliminary findings indicate a 27% improvement in students’ conceptual understanding, particularly regarding Subak water management, greenhouse gas emissions, and the relationships between irrigation practices, environmental conditions, and rice production. These findings demonstrate that the Subak-based generative STEM model not only enhances student engagement, systems thinking, and ecological literacy but also offers concrete evidence for developing a culturally grounded framework for decolonizing STEM education.

Expanding the Therapeutic Landscape: Exploring the Antimicrobial and Bioactive Potential of Mangrove-Derived Endophytic Fungi

Anwar Rovik — 2025-11-15

The escalating rise of antibiotic resistance poses a significant challenge to discovering new, effective antibiotics. This crisis represents one of the most critical threats to global health, potentially leading to a future where even minor infections could become fatal. Endophytic fungi have recently emerged as a promising source of novel bioactive compounds. This review highlights the potential of endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove vegetation to produce new antimicrobial agents. Mangrove-derived endophytic fungi are found in healthy leaves, hypocotyls, roots, stems, and flowers. The symbiotic relationship between mangrove vegetation and these fungi promotes the synthesis of diverse bioactive compounds, including newly discovered molecules such as cytospyrone, cytospomarin, penicibrocazines, thiocladospolides, coumarin, isocoumarins, and dihydroradicinin. Beyond their antimicrobial potential, these fungi also produce compounds with antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-filarial, antibiofilm, influenza antiviral, antimycobacterial, and biological control properties. The traditional approach to antibiotic development is complex, challenging, costly, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. To overcome these obstacles, research must integrate machine learning for big data analysis and molecular-based exploration, including genomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics.

Differences in Responsible Environmental Behavior based on Gender and Level of Knowledge about Waste Issues in Generation Z in Yogyakarta Province

Yahya Hanafi — 2025-11-15

Environmental issues related to waste are current global, national, and local. Waste is the number one priority environmental issue in DI Yogyakarta. The Generation Z group dominates the population in Indonesia and DI Yogyakarta. This study aims to analyse the differences in the REB of Gen Z based on gender, the differences in REB of Gen Z based on the level of knowledge about waste issues, and the interaction between gender and level of knowledge on REB of Gen Z. The type of research is quantitative, using a survey method. The variables used in the study are responsible environmental behaviour, knowledge about waste issues, and situational factors (gender). The data collection was carried out in January-February 2025. The research location is SMP Negeri 1 Banguntapan, Bantul, and SMA Negeri 2 Banguntapan, Bantul. The research respondents were 110 students of SMP Negeri 1 Banguntapan and 130 students of SMA Negeri 2 Banguntapan. Data analysis techniques include descriptive and inferential statistics with two-way ANOVA. The results of the hypothesis test for the gender variable are 0,052 > 0,05, so it can be concluded that there is no significant difference in gender in Gen Z REB. The hypothesis test for the variable level of knowledge about the issue of waste showed 0,00 < 0,05, and it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the level of knowledge about the issue of waste among Gen Z REB. The hypothesis test for the interaction between the variable level of knowledge about the issue of waste and gender is 0,089 > 0,05, so it can be concluded that there is no interaction between gender and the level of knowledge about the issue of waste.

Systematic Literature Review: Trends and Effectiveness of Technology-Based Learning Media in Biology Education

Shifaq Jahar Jatijagad — 2025-11-15

Technological Advancements Have Significantly Transformed Biology Education, Particularly Through The Use Of Technology-Based Learning Media. This Study Aims To Identify Trends In The Application And Assess The Effectiveness Of Technology-Based Learning Tools In Enhancing Student Learning Outcomes In Biology. Employing A Systematic Literature Review Approach, The Article Analyzes Ten Selected Studies Published Between 2014-2024 And Indexed In International Databases. The Synthesis Of Results Indicates That Interactive Simulations, Augmented Reality (Ar), Virtual Reality (Vr), Mobile Applications, And Interactive Multimedia Significantly Improve Students' Conceptual Understanding, Motivation, And Participation. Most Studies Reported Notable Increases In Post-Test Scores And Active Student Engagement. However, Challenges Such As Limited Infrastructure And Insufficient Teacher Training Remain Barriers To Optimal Implementation. These Findings Confirm That Technology-Based Learning Media Hold Great Potential To Create More Engaging And Meaningful Educational Experiences, Paving The Way For Future Improvements In The Quality Of Biology Education.

Efficiency of Jeruju (Acanthus illicifolius) as a Bioindicator of Copper Pollution in Surabaya Mangrove Waters

Adelia Wulandari — 2025-11-15

Environmental pollution, especially heavy metal contamination, has become a major threat to aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of Jeruju (Acanthus illicifolius) as a bioindicator and phytoremediator of copper (Cu) pollution in mangrove waters of Surabaya. Sampling was conducted in three locations: Gunung Anyar Tambak, Surabaya Mangrove Botanical Garden, and Wonorejo Mangrove. Each location consisted of two sampling points: dock and estuary. Water and Jeruju leaf samples (upper, middle, and lower parts) were analyzed for Cu concentration using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Environmental parameters were also measured. The results showed that Cu concentration in water samples was very low and only detected at Gunung Anyar dock (0.001 ppm). However, Cu accumulation in Jeruju leaves varied, with the highest concentration (3.16 ppm) found in lower leaves at Gunung Anyar dock. The correlation between water quality parameters, particularly pH and TDS, and Cu concentration indicated that Jeruju can effectively accumulate Cu and serve as a potential phytoremediator and bioindicator in polluted Mangrove ecosystems.

Implementation of Project Based Learning Model Based on Ethnoscience For Improving Learning Outcomes Biology

Lulu Rosyidah Rofifah — 2025-11-15

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the ethnoscience-based Project Based Learning (PjBL) learning model in improving student learning outcomes in Biology subjects at the high school level. The background of this study is based on the demands of 21st-century education that emphasizes the mastery of critical thinking skills, collaboration, creativity, and communication (4C), as well as the need for contextual learning that is relevant to local culture. The method used is quantitative descriptive with a pretest-posttest control group design. The sample consisted of two experimental classes and one control class from grade X students of the Tahfidz Program at SMA ABBS Surakarta. Data were collected through cognitive ability tests and analyzed using N-Gain scores and t-tests. The results showed that there was an increase in learning outcomes in the experimental group with an average N-Gain of 56.5507 % (moderate category), but the increase was not statistically significant compared to the control group. Nevertheless, the integration of ethnoscience in PjBL has been shown to have a positive impact on understanding scientific concepts and preserving local cultural values. Therefore, this model has the potential to be an innovative alternative in contextual and meaningful Biology learning.

A Data-Driven Learning Model and Its Acceptance among Science Students: Evidence from Introductory Physics Classrooms

Noly Shofiyah — 2025-11-15

Low levels of student engagement and scientific reasoning skills in science education remain a major concern in higher education. This study aims to explore university students' responses after participating in science learning facilitated by the Data-Based Learning Cycle (DaBeLCy) model. The participants were students from three different universities enrolled in introductory physics courses that implemented the DaBeLCy approach. A survey method was employed using a structured questionnaire designed to assess five key aspects: students' perceptions of the model, conceptual understanding, scientific reasoning skills, learning engagement, and the perceived supportiveness of the learning environment. The results revealed that most students responded positively to the implementation of the DaBeLCy model. They reported improved conceptual understanding, greater engagement during class activities, and enhanced critical thinking skills. Furthermore, both the learning environment and lecturer support were perceived as conducive to the effective application of the model. These findings suggest that the DaBeLCy model is well-received by students and holds strong potential for improving the quality of science education in higher education. Further studies are recommended to examine its effectiveness across diverse learning contexts and disciplines.

The Impact of Augmented Reality on Visual-Spatial Ability Development: Systematic Literature Review

Alvonda Rizqi Pratama — 2025-11-15

Visual-spatial ability is an essential cognitive skill in supporting learning in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of augmented reality technology on the development of students' visual-spatial abilities through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. This study is based on 13 relevant articles published in reputable journals for the period 2020–2024. The results of the study show that augmented reality has a significant impact on creating interactive and immersive learning experiences. This technology allows students to visualize complex spatial concepts more easily while increasing motivation and engagement in learning. The use of augmented reality also supports students in understanding spatial-based materials more effectively, making it one of the relevant technological innovations to advance modern education. This study confirms that augmented reality has great potential to improve the quality of visual-spatial-based learning. These findings provide a strong basis for integrating augmented reality into various educational contexts to support the application of technology in innovative and effective learning.

Augmented Reality for Chemistry Education: Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and Visualization

Riky Setiawan — 2025-11-15

The integration of immersive technologies into science education provides an innovative pathway for addressing abstract concepts, particularly within chemistry learning. This paper delivers a systematic review of literature concerning the integration of Augmented Reality (AR) in chemistry education, emphasizing molecular structure visualization and improved interactivity in learning processes. The review followed the PRISMA protocol, utilizing articles indexed in Scopus between 2020 and 2025. Out of 81 initial studies identified, ten satisfied the inclusion criteria and were further examined with bibliometric approaches. Findings highlight an increasing research focus on AR-based chemistry instruction, covering mobile learning, gamified environments, and molecular simulations. Major contributing countries included Germany, Switzerland, and Indonesia, with key subject domains spanning social sciences, computer science, and chemistry. Keyword mapping further indicates that AR is positioned as a pivotal element within the digital education landscape. These insights underline the transformative capacity of AR in redefining chemistry education toward a more flexible, interactive, and student-centered model.

Transforming Science Education through Gamification: A Systematic Analysis of Trends, Impacts, and Implications

Afif Fauzan Zarror — 2025-11-15

The increasing need for engaging and effective science education has prompted educators to explore alternative instructional strategies. Gamification, the integration of game elements into learning environments, has emerged as a promising approach to enhance student motivation, participation, and conceptual understanding. This study aims to systematically examine how gamification has been implemented in science education across diverse contexts and educational levels. A systematic literature review was conducted using a structured protocol to identify relevant open-access articles published between 2021 and 2025. A total of ten empirical studies were selected based on predetermined inclusion criteria. The results reveal four dominant forms of gamification: educational card games, scenario-based simulations, digital escape rooms, and serious games addressing contemporary science issues. These interventions were applied in various science disciplines, including chemistry, microbiology, anatomy, nutrition, and environmental education. The findings highlight positive cognitive, affective, social, and motivational impacts on learners. Despite challenges such as limited digital access and varying teacher readiness, gamification proves to be an adaptable and impactful pedagogical tool. This review concludes that gamification, when thoughtfully designed, supports meaningful science learning and fosters broader scientific literacy.

Enhancing Conceptual Understanding of Plant Classification through Mobile-Based Interactive Plant Tagging in Outdoor Biology Education

Almirah Faisa Salsabila — 2025-11-15

According to a report from the ministry of education, culture, research, and technology (2022), only 41% of junior high school students reached the minimum completeness criteria score in science subjects, with the botany subtopic being one of the lowest levels of understanding. This study aims to determine the effect of using interactive media based on Mobile Plant Tagging in outdoor learning on students' concept understanding on the material of differences between dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. The research method used was quantitative with a quasi-experimental design. The sample consisted of two experimental classes and one control class using random sampling techniques. Pretest and posttest data were analyzed using the t-test (Independent Sample T-test) to measure students' conceptual understanding. The results showed a significant increase in posttest scores in the experimental group compared to the control group. The learning approach that combines direct interaction with real objects and mobile-based technology support is proven to be able to improve students' concept understanding, active participation, and learning motivation. These findings indicate that Mobile Plant Tagging media is effective as an innovative learning strategy in improving science literacy in a contextual and applicable manner.

Indigenous and Rural Knowledge in Secondary Science Education: A Review from the Global South

Vishal Kumar — 2025-11-15

Science education worldwide is under increasing pressure to respond to the urgent challenges of sustainability, cultural diversity, and knowledge justice. Dominant science curricula, shaped by globalized standards, often exclude the knowledge systems of Indigenous and rural communities, undermining both local relevance and ecological insight. This paper examines how secondary science education research in the Global South engages with Indigenous and rural knowledge systems. Using a structured scoping review approach, eight empirical studies were analyzed through thematic synthesis to identify conceptual trends, pedagogical strategies, and systemic tensions. The review finds a growing effort to reframe science education through culturally rooted pedagogies, integration of traditional ecological knowledge, and curriculum designs that support epistemic plurality. These innovations, however, emerge within constraining conditions: fragmented policy implementation, teacher uncertainty, and structural inequities. The analysis also highlights underexplored regions and unresolved tensions between standardization and local responsiveness. Taken together, the findings reveal both the possibilities and limitations of current reform efforts. This study contributes to global conversations on reimagining science education as a practice that sustains cultural identity, supports ecological resilience, and equips learners to navigate diverse knowledge worlds with critical awareness and ethical agency.

Impact of Augmented Reality E-Flashcards with the Team Games Tournament Cooperative Learning Model on Biology Learning Outcomes of High School Students

Mustika Ayu Brylliant — 2025-11-15

The use of technology in science education facilitates students' understanding of abstract material such as the human digestive system. This study investigates the effect of integrating Augmented Reality (AR)-based e-flashcards into the Team Games Tournament (TGT) model on students' biology learning outcomes. The research employed a one-group pretest-posttest pre-experimental design, involving 33 eleventh-grade students at SMAIT Al Hikmah Boyolali, Central Java, conducted over one week in March 2025. A 15-item multiple-choice test based on Bloom's taxonomy (C4–C5) was used to measure learning outcomes. The instrument was validated by expert judgment and item analysis. Findings showed an increase in the average posttest score (76.38 ± 6.50) compared to the pretest (35.59 ± 11.67). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed a significant difference (p < 0.001), with a large effect size (r = 0.78), indicating the effectiveness of the intervention. The results suggest that AR-based e-flashcards, when combined with the TGT model, enhance student engagement, collaboration, and understanding of abstract concepts. This approach offers a promising strategy for improving learning outcomes in high school biology instruction.

An Optimization Framework for an Integrated and Sustainable Coconut Processing System

Syamsul Anwar — 2025-11-15

Coconut agro-industries in tropical regions, including Indonesia, play a critical role in rural economies but often face challenges related to low resource efficiency, fragmented processing systems, and the underutilization of by-products. These inefficiencies lead to economic losses and environmental burdens due to biomass waste. This study aims to develop an integrated and sustainable optimization framework for coconut processing that simultaneously enhances profitability and ensures the full utilization of coconut biomass. The framework is formulated as a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model that captures production interdependencies, raw material constraints, and facility capacity limitations across multiple processing units, including oil extraction from coconut fruits, charcoal production from coconut shells, and flour processing from coconut pulp. The model implementation demonstrates the viability of integrated production planning, with optimal facility activation and complete utilization of coconut derivatives, in line with circular economy principles. These findings highlight the potential of the proposed model as a robust decision-support tool for improving sustainability and efficiency in coconut-based agro-industry.

The Influence of Project Based Learning on Students' Learning Outcomes and Creative Thinking Ability

Ima Aryani — 2025-11-15

The main issue addressed in this study is the limited creative thinking skills among students. During classroom activities, teachers often employ learning models that are less effective, causing students to become passive and struggle to grasp the material presented. This study seeks to examine how the implementation of the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model affects students' academic performance and creative thinking abilities in seventh-grade biology instruction. A quantitative descriptive design was adopted, employing a quasi-experimental method with a randomized pretest–posttest control group structure. The research population consisted of 51 students. Data were collected through pretest and posttest instruments, as well as observation sheets assessing creative thinking and project performance. The findings revealed that the average score achieved by the experimental group (75.96) exceeded that of the control group (68.40). In addition, learners who engaged in the experimental treatment exhibited a very high level of creative thinking ability, whereas those in the control group demonstrated a good level. These findings suggest that applying the Project-Based Learning approach contributes significantly to improving students' academic performance and enhancing their creative thinking competence.

Management of the Science Laboratory at SMP Negeri 1 Karangnongko in the 2020/2021 Academic Year

Sarahany Putriardi — 2025-11-15

Education units must have laboratory management according to their standards. Laboratories in schools should be guided by standardized laboratories that are in accordance with the national standards of education in Indonesia. The purpose of the study was to determine the description of science laboratory management at SMP Negeri 1 Karangnongko in the 2020/2021 academic year. The research subject is the science laboratory at SMP Negeri 1 Karangnongko in the 2020/2021 academic year. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. Data collection techniques used interviews, observation, and documentation. The instrument used was an observation sheet with a Guttman scale. The validity test was carried out by triangulating data sources which were analyzed using the model from Miles and Huberman with the stages of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the management of science laboratories at SMP Negeri 1 Karangnongko has an average percentage of 53.25% with fairly good criteria, which means that the management of science laboratories at SMP Negeri 1 Karangnongko has not met the standards that have been set, and regulated in the Guidelines for the Management and Utilization of Science Laboratories by the Ministry of Education and Culture in 2017. It is hoped that the results of this study will be an evaluation material that is followed up to improve the quality of the laboratory, so that learning and utilization of science laboratory facilities in schools are carried out optimally and in accordance with the standards.

Analysis Level of Difficulty in The Aspect of Analytical Thinking Skills in Science Learning

Dwi Setyo Astuti — 2025-11-15

This study discusses analysis level of difficulty in the aspect of analytical thinking skills in science learning with the aim of providing insights on how students and educators can address these difficulties, ultimately contributing to a more effective science education system that fosters critical and analytical thinkers. By using the research methods The study used a quantitative methods using Rasch analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to determine the level of difficulty of students' analytical thinking skills aspects. Based on the analysis, the aspects of "specifying (54%)" and "generalizing (55%)" were found to be the most difficult for students, while the aspects of "analizyng error (62%)", "matching (68)" and "classifying (73%)" were considered easier. These findings also indicate that students tend to struggle with identifying the logical consequences of information and in constructing generalizations or new principles.

Literature Review: The Effectiveness of the 5E Learning Cycle Model in Addressing Science Misconceptions among Elementary School Students

Fryda Novelina — 2025-11-15

Misconceptions are one of the primary obstacles in learning science at the elementary school level, which can hinder in-depth understanding of concepts and disrupt the learning process, ultimately causing students to fail in their learning. This study aims to examine the role of the 5E Learning Cycle model (Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, Evaluate) in overcoming misconceptions of science concepts among elementary school students through a literature review approach. The method used is a systematic literature review of various relevant scientific sources over the past ten years. The research findings indicate that the 5E Learning Cycle model is effective in identifying, clarifying, and reconstructing students' misconceptions through structured and student- centered learning stages. The "Engage" and "Explore" stages allow educators to reveal students' initial understanding, while the "Explain" and "Elaborate" stages support the reinforcement of correct scientific concepts. The "Evaluate" stage helps facilitate conceptual shifts in students. Based on the literature review, the 5E Learning Cycle model is recommended as an effective pedagogical approach to improving the quality of science concept understanding and reducing misconceptions among elementary school students.

Microplastics in Aquatic Environments: A Systematic Review of Distribution and Biological Effects in Waters, Sediments, and Biota

Ni Putu Sri Ayuni — 2025-11-15

Currently, the issue of microplastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems is a significant cause for worry. Microplastics, which are tiny pieces of plastic, are readily absorbed by freshwater organisms, leading to detrimental impacts on their growth, reproduction, predatory abilities, and other aspects. This study aims to review the scientific literature on microplastics in freshwater environments including waters, sediments, and biota in order to identify their existence and impact. For such, a systematic review was conducted, following the PRISMA guidelines, applying a descriptive and statistical analysis to the data. The original research articles in "microplastics in freshwaters". Up to 177 papers involving microplastic in freshwaters, published between 2013 and 2023, are identified in the Publish or Perish. Of the 177 articles, 66 are excluded because they include review articles. Finally, this review will to assess the excistence and influence microplastics in water, sediment and biota, in freshwater environmental.

The Effects of Learning Styles and Gender on Computational Thinking Skills in Biology Learning among Indonesian High School Students

Faza Animah — 2025-11-15

Computational Thinking (CT) needs to be integrated into education as essential preparation for facing the Society 5.0 era. These skills are fundamental and relevant not only in computer science but also across various disciplines, including biology. This study aims to examine the simultaneous and partial effects of learning styles and gender on students' CT skills. This is a quantitative, non-experimental study using dummy regression analysis. The research subjects consisted of 128 grade XII science students at SMAN 1 Semarang, with data collected through questionnaires and tests. The results showed that: (1) Learning styles and gender simultaneously had a significant effect on students' CT abilities, with a contribution of 14.1% and an F change significance value of 0.00. (2) Learning styles had no significant effect on CT (significance > 0.05). (3) Gender had a significant effect on CT (significance < 0.05). These findings provide valuable insights for the development of learning strategies that go beyond gender and learning preferences, by also considering other, more dominant factors influencing Computational Thinking skills. Therefore, teachers are expected to be more responsive to differences in learning pace and strategies across genders, and to design inclusive instruction to optimize the full potential of every student.

The Implementation of Integrated STEM Skills with Learning Tools in Indonesian Secondary Schools

Endang Setyaningsih — 2025-11-15

In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, it is essential to develop competitive individuals equipped with Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) competencies. The government, actively promotes the integration of STEM across all educational levels, including secondary schools. This emphasis arises because STEM competencies are critical for the Fourth Industrial Revolution and help individuals address real-world challenges. This literature review explores the implementation of STEM in Indonesia, focusing on the tools and strategies applied in secondary education. Over the past six years (2016–2021), changes in STEM practices have been identified. From 25 articles were analyzed, covering aspects such as instructional materials and pedagogical strategies in secondary schools. The findings reveal the distribution of resources as follows: curriculum score 7.69%, lesson plans 20.51%, modules 15.38%, student worksheets 33.33%, books 10.25%, exam questions 10.25%, and curriculum documents 2.56%. In terms of teaching approaches, the data show 4% engagement in discovery-based learning, 52% in project-based learning, 36% in problem-based learning, and 4% in scientific learning. Overall, the results indicate that STEM competencies are still not widely implemented in Indonesia, as most scores remain at or below 50%. Thus, further efforts are necessary to strengthen STEM integration in the country.

Antiaging Activity of Antioxidant Compounds Produced by Streptomyces sp. SAE4034 on Saccharomyces cerevisiae

D. Ryandini — 2025-11-15

Streptomyces sp. SAE4034 is known to produce antioxidant compounds; however, its potential as an antiaging agent has yet to be established. The antiaging effect in vivo can be evaluated through cellular analysis by mitochondrial staining in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells and by measuring the expression of the sty1 and pap1 genes in yeast cells subjected to oxidative stress. This study investigated the impact of antioxidant extract administration at concentrations of 250, 500, 750, and 1000 μg/mL on the viability of yeast cells exposed to oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂. Treatments were assessed on the 7th and 11th days of incubation, with three replicates per treatment. Cellular-level observations focused on treatments demonstrating the most pronounced antiaging activity, alongside controls. Molecular-level analyses involved evaluating the expression of the pap1 and sty1 genes. The primary parameter measured was yeast colony diameter, supported by mitochondrial staining intensity and gene expression data. Results indicated that the crude extract of Streptomyces sp. SAE4034 exhibits antiaging properties in S. cerevisiae cells. Specifically, the extract at 250 μg/mL effectively maintained yeast cell viability under oxidative stress induced by 3 mM H2O2 on both the 7th and 11th days of incubation. Mitochondrial activity assessments revealed strong fluorescence intensity following treatment with 250 μg/mL of the crude extract. Electrophoresis analysis demonstrated a sixfold reduction in pap1 gene expression in the 250 μg/mL treatment group compared to the negative control. Expression of the sty1 gene, however, was not detected.

From Necessity to Choice: A Study of Student Perceptions Toward Online Learning After the Pandemic

Lestariyanti Elin — 2025-11-15

Learning in the post-pandemic period has been permitted to resume offline. While some institutions continue to implement online learning, others have mandated a full return to offline instruction. This study aims to explore students' perceptions and preferences regarding the application of online learning during the post-pandemic period. The research employed a quantitative descriptive approach. The sample consisted of 72 biology education students from UIN Walisongo Semarang, selected through purposive sampling based on their online learning experiences during the pandemic. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire developed from the dimensions of perception and preference. The data were analyzed using t-tests and descriptive statistics presented as percentages, supplemented by qualitative descriptions. The results indicate that students' perceptions of online learning are influenced by factors such as internet connectivity, learning environment, and the selection of appropriate techniques and methods. Although students prefer offline learning, they still consider online learning as a viable alternative. Effective coordination among students, lecturers, parents, and institutions is essential to support the implementation of online learning in the post-COVID-19 era.

Analysis of The Emergence of Critical Thinking in Biology Teaching Modules on Cell Material for Grade XI High School Students In The Surakarta Residency

Winda Widyaningrum — 2025-11-15

21st century education emphasizes the development of six core skills (6Cs): critical thinking, collaboration, communication, creativity, culture, and connectivity. In biology education, deep understanding and analytical thinking is crucial, yet challenges such as time constraints, a dense curriculum, and insufficient support hinder the integration of critical thinking. This study aims to analyze the presence of critical thinking indicators in grade XI Biology teaching module on cell material across high schools in the Surakarta Residency. A descriptive qualitative method was used in this study. Data were collected from five teaching modules each provided by selected biology teachers from public, private and Muhammadiyah high schools, using documentation and interviews. Result show that the most frequency appearing critical thinking indicator was "providing simple explanations" (64.28%) at Muhammadiyah schools, while the least frequent was "strategies and tactics" (3.57%). These findings offer valuable insights for biology teachers in improving their instructional design to better foster critical thinking.

Teaching Educational Materials on Natural Resources of Regions in Chemistry Lessons Through Mobile Software Applications

Bekimbetova Gulnaz Nabatovna — 2025-11-15

With the rapid development of science and technology across the world, modern and promising scientific fields are emerging. Alongside educating students about these promising fields and their significance, it is crucial to incorporate information in school chemistry lessons on local natural raw materials, their types, regional natural resources, raw materials derived from them, and their contribution to the national economy.
Currently, Uzbekistan is implementing systematic reforms aimed at improving the quality and efficiency of the education system, forming modern knowledge and skills among students, ensuring closer cooperation and integration between educational institutions and the field of science, and maintaining continuity and consistency in education.
In recent years, the current state of the national educational system has necessitated its modernization in line with contemporary requirements-cultivating knowledgeable, intellectually and physically healthy individuals; enhancing the status of educational institution leaders and teaching staff; and creating the necessary conditions for their effective professional activity.
In chemistry lessons, explaining educational content through the integration of everyday natural phenomena and processes, as well as using materials related to the local natural resources, can enhance understanding. Integrating these materials with curriculum topics and using the latest scientific research effectively is facilitated by employing digital technologies, particularly mobile software applications.
Mobile applications play a key role in the efficient and swift presentation of educational materials during lessons, using various media such as images, diagrams, audio and video materials, and virtual laboratory simulations.

Developing Methodological Competence of Future Technology Teachers through Web Platforms

Khamdamova Nozima Mukimovna — 2025-11-15

Modern promising scientific areas in the world are undoubtedly formed, developed and improved through the introduction of digital technologies into the educational process. This area includes the problems of intelligent educational systems, open education, distance learning, information educational environments. This area is closely related, on the one hand, to pedagogical and psychological problems, and on the other hand, to the results achieved in scientific and technical fields such as telecommunication technologies and networks, computer systems for information processing, visualization and interaction with people, artificial intelligence, automated systems for modelling complex processes and other results.
One of the current issues is the study of the possibilities of using web platforms in the development of methodological competence of future technology teachers and the determination of the effectiveness of their implementation in practice. The main goal of this article is to analyse the possibilities of using modern web platforms to further improve the pedagogical competence of future teachers. This, in turn, will allow teachers to teach the most modern methods used to effectively organize lessons and encourage students to participate actively.

The Role of Active Games in The Physiological Development of Middle School-Aged Children

Zakiya Teshayevna Safarova — 2025-11-15

The article examines the importance of active games for the physiological development of middle school-aged children. An analysis was conducted on the impact of regular physical activity, implemented through active games, on key indicators of children's health and physical condition. Special attention is given to the development of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular systems, as well as improvements in coordination and overall endurance. The study’s results confirm that incorporating active games into the daily routine contributes to harmonious physical development, health strengthening, and increased levels of motor activity among schoolchildren. The conclusion emphasizes the necessity of integrating active games into the educational process to optimize the physiological development of children.

Philosophical and Spiritual Implications of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Societal Development

Gulzoda Mannobova — 2025-11-15

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) is fundamentally reshaping global society, driving innovation across technological, economic, and cultural domains. Breakthroughs in AI algorithms, natural language processing (NLP), neural networks, and robotics are revolutionizing industries, from healthcare and education to military and service sectors. These developments enhance efficiency and decision-making but also introduce profound societal transformations, altering labor markets, communication, and even spiritual paradigms. Beyond its technical and economic impacts, AI raises critical philosophical and spiritual questions that demand deeper exploration. As AI systems increasingly influence human life, concerns about ethics, consciousness, and the nature of intelligence emerge. How does AI challenge traditional notions of human identity, morality, and purpose? What are the spiritual implications of machines capable of mimicking human thought and creativity? This article examines these often-overlooked dimensions, arguing that AI's integration into society extends beyond functionality—it forces a reevaluation of fundamental human values. The study highlights the necessity of interdisciplinary dialogue, combining technological expertise with philosophical and ethical reflection to guide AI's responsible development. By addressing these spiritual and philosophical aspects, we can better navigate AI's transformative potential while mitigating risks, ensuring that progress aligns with human dignity and societal well-being. Ultimately, understanding AI's broader implications is crucial for shaping a future where technology serves humanity's deepest needs.

The Effectiveness of Integrating Virtual Reality and Didactic Games in Physiological Education

Salimova Sarvinoz Farkhodovna — 2025-11-15

Teaching complex topics such as homeostatic and pathophysiological processes in physiology often presents difficulties with traditional approaches. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of complex integration of virtual reality (VR) simulators and didactic games on the effectiveness of physiology education. The research was conducted with 920 biology students from four pedagogical institutes in Uzbekistan (Shahrisabz, Urgench, Namangan, Nukus). The experimental group (n=460) was taught using VR simulators such as "3D Organon" and "PhysioEx 10.0" on Oculus Quest 2 headsets and gamification platforms like Kahoot! and Socrative, while the control group (n=460) engaged with traditional methods. Advanced statistical methods including tensor decomposition, Bayesian causal analysis, and neural networks were applied to evaluate the results. The findings showed that the learning efficiency in the experimental group was 21% higher compared to the control group. Particularly notable growth was observed in students' spatial perception (effect size = 1.78), practical application skills (1.45), and digital literacy (1.73). The study proved that the synergy of VR and gamification significantly increases students' knowledge acquisition, critical thinking, and interest in science.

Project-Based Approach in Botany Education: Identifying Local Flora Using DNA Barcoding and Bioinformatics

Shamsiyev Naim Amonovich — 2025-11-15

Traditional botany education is often limited to plant identification based on morphological characteristics and classical herbarium collection. In this research, we propose an innovative, project-based learning (PBL) model aimed at developing students' scientific research competencies in teaching botany. The model integrates classical field botany, modern DNA barcoding technology, and bioinformatics analysis. Throughout the project, students collected samples from local flora, described them morphologically, and then generated DNA barcodes using standard loci such as rbcL and matK. The obtained sequences were analyzed using online databases such as BLAST and BOLD. The research showed that this approach not only deepens students' theoretical knowledge in species concepts, phylogenetics, and bioinformatics, but also develops practical skills essential for 21st-century specialists, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and teamwork. This model significantly increases educational effectiveness by connecting the learning process with scientific discovery.

Growing Medicinal Plants (Example of Silybum marianum) in Bukhara Region

Gulshan Rustam qizi Amonova — 2025-11-15

This thesis provides information about the medicinal plants of the Bukhara region, their distribution areas, location on GIS maps, and their cultivation technology. It also addresses the importance of medicinal plants in pharmacy, methods for identifying medicinal species, and the use of ArcGIS tutorials on the distribution of medicinal species. It also includes detailed information on the distribution of milk thistle (Silybum marianum), its beneficial properties, and the cultivation technology of this plant. Data were collected via ethnobotanical surveys in the Bukhara region, using open and semi-structured interviews with 249 informants across all districts; resulting in documentation of 84 medicinal plant species from 72 genera and 39 families, mostly herbaceous species (94%). Cultivation experiments involved direct sowing of milk thistle seeds at 1-1.5 cm depth, row spacing of 40-75 cm and in-row spacing ~25 cm; sowing dates (early vs late spring) and seeding rates were varied to assess their effects on growth and seed. Biochemical analysis was performed on dry seed extracts via HPLC and mass spectrometry to quantify flavonolignans (such as silibinin, taxifolin, silichristin) and water-soluble vitamins.Ethnobotanical findings confirmed the use of 84 species, primarily herbaceous, used medicinally in traditional practice. Seed yield reached approximately 7 % of total plant biomass under optimal sowing conditions, matching data from regional comparisons. Biochemical profiling revealed high flavonolignan content (notably silibinin and taxifolin) in seeds from Uzbekistan, with antioxidant potential confirmed via mass spectrometry. This study defines optimal cultivation parameters for milk thistle in the Bukhara context (early spring sowing, standard spacing, moderated seeding rates). The shared ethnobotanical and phytochemical evidence supports the pharmaceutical value of milk thistle seeds and reinforces the relevance of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in regional medicine.

Analysis of the Occurrence of Critical Thinking in Biology Teaching Modules on Enzymes Class XII High School in Surakarta

Rinanda Arini Putri — 2025-11-15

Critical thinking skills are very important in learning biology which emphasizes on providing direct learning experiences by developing thinking skills. The study of biology requires problem solving skills through critical thinking. The purpose of this study was to analyze the emergence of critical thinking in the biology teaching module of high school enzyme material in Surakarta. The type of research included descriptive qualitative. The population in this study were all biology teachers in Surakarta. The sample was 15 high school biology teachers in Surakarta, one teacher each per school (Public, Private, Muhammadiyah). Sampling was done purposively with each school analyzed 5 teaching modules. Data collection techniques by means of documentation and interviews and then the data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the emergence of critical thinking in each indicator was different for State, Private and Muhammadiyah schools. Thus, the conclusion that can be put forward is that the highest occurrence of critical thinking is in private school teaching modules (35.37%), with the most frequently appearing indicator being giving simple explanations (45.33%) and the least frequently appearing tactical strategies (2.67%). These findings can provide information to high school biology teachers regarding critical thinking strategy and tactics indicators.