Determination of Trace Ethanol Levels in Kombucha by GC–MS for Halal Verification

Abstract

a. This study revealed that ethanol levels in some kombucha products commercially sold in Indonesia exceeded the halal thresholds set by both the Indonesian Council of Ulama (MUI) and the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM). b. This study successfully validated a GC-MS method for ethanol detection in kombucha. c. Given that ethanol content in kombucha may increase over time due to ongoing fermentation, this study underscores the importance of stringent production control and accurate labelling.